Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS): Adaptation and Validation in Turkish University Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V11.N1.17Keywords:
Impostor phenomenon, Factor analysis, Scale adaptation, Validity, ReliabilityAbstract
Impostor phenomenon (IP) is the intense feeling of high achieving individuals who cannot internalize their success and attribute it to interpersonal skills, luck, timing, and contacts. The Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) assesses the fear of failing and being evaluated negatively, not being able to repeat success, fear of the inability to satisfy the expectations of others, and being less capable of others. This study aims to adapt the CIPS into Turkish. Four hundred seven university students enrolled in the study whose average age is 21.12± 1.72 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. The results of the CFA indicated that the first-order one-factor model was a good fit for the data. Criterion validity analysis results showed a strong negative correlation between CIPS and self-esteem and a strong positive correlation between CIPS and trait anxiety. Test-retest reliability was also strong. The Turkish version of the CIPS has good psychometric properties. The scale can be used to assess the IP levels of young adults.Downloads
References
Akın, A., Yalnız, A., Akın, Ü., & Özçelik, B. (2015). Sahtekârlik Ölçeği Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Turkish version of impostorism scale: The study of validity and reliability.] Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 50, 309–315.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition). American Psychiatric Association.
Badawy, R. L., Gazdag, B. A., Bentley, J. R., & Brouer, R. L. (2018). Are all impostors created equal? Exploring gender differences in the impostor phenomenon-performance link. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.044
Bernard, N. S., Dollinger, S. J., & Ramaniah, N. V. (2002). Applying the big five personality factors to the impostor phenomenon. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(2), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7802_07
Bernard, D. L., Lige, Q. M., Willis, H. A., Sosoo, E. E., & Neblett, E. W. (2017). Impostor phenomenon and mental health: The influence of racial discrimination and gender. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000197
Blondeau, L. A., & Awad, G. H. (2018). The relation of the impostor phenomenon to future intentions of mathematics-related school and work. Journal of Career Development, 45(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316680769
Brauer, K., & Proyer, R. T. (2017). Are impostors playful? Testing the association of adult playfulness with the impostor phenomenon. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.029
Brauer, K., & Wolf, A. (2016). Validation of the German-language Clance impostor phenomenon scale (GCIPS). Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.071
Bravata, D. M., Watts, S. A., Keefer, A. L., Madhusudhan, D. K., Taylor, K. T., Clark, D. M., ... & Hagg, H. K. (2020). Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(4), 1252-1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
Chrisman, S. M., Pieper, W. A., Clance, P. R., Holland, C. L., & Glickauf-Hughes, C. (1995). Validation of the Clance imposter phenomenon scale. Journal of Personality Asessment, 65(3), 456-467. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_6
Clance, P. R. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Peachtree.
Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241.
Cokley, K., Stone, S., Krueger, N., Bailey, M., Garba, R., & Hurst, A. (2018). Self-esteem as a mediator of the link between perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 292-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.032
Cowie, M. E., Nealis, L. J., Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2018). Perfectionism and academic difficulties in graduate students: Testing incremental prediction and gender moderation. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.027
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı (Self-esteem in the adolescent). [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Hacettepe University.
Edwards, P. W., Zeichner, A., Lawler, N., & Kowalski, R. (1987). A validation study of the Harvey Impostor Phenomenon Scale. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(2), 256.
Felder, R. M. (1988). Felder's filosophy: Impostors everywhere. Chemical Engineering Education, 22(4), 168-169.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage.
French, B. F., Ullrich-French, S. C., & Follman, D. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1270-1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.023
Fujie, R. (2010). Development of the State Impostor Phenomenon Scale. Japanese Psychological Research, 52(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2009.00417.x
Gardner, S. K., & Holley, K. A. (2011). “Those invisible barriers are real”: The progression of first-generation students through doctoral education. Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2011.529791
Ghorbanshirodi, S. (2012). The relationship between self-esteem and emotional intelligence with imposter syndrome among medical students of Guilan and Heratsi Universities. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(2), 1793-1802.
Gravois, J. (2007). You're Not Fooling Anyone. Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(11), A1.
Hambleton, R. K., & Bollwark, J. (1991). Adapting tests for use in different cultures: Technical issues and methods. Bulletin of the International Testing Commission, 18, 3-32.
Harvey, J. C. (1981). The impostor phenomenon and achievement: A failure to internalize success. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Temple University.
Hoang, Q. (2013). The impostor phenomenon: Overcoming internalized barriers and recognizing achievements. The Vermont Connection, 34(1), 6, 42-51.
Holmes, S. W., Kertay, L., Adamson, L. B., Holland, C. L., & Clance, P. R. (1993). Measuring the impostor phenomenon: A comparison of Clance's IP Scale and Harvey's IP Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(1), 48-59.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Hutchins, H. M. (2015). Outing the imposter: A study exploring imposter phenomenon among higher education faculty. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 27(2), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20098
Jöstl, G., Bergsmann, E., Lüftenegger, M., Schober, B., & Spiel, C. (2012). When will they blow my cover? Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 220, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000102
King, J. E., & Cooley, E. L. (1995). Achievement orientation and the impostor phenomenon among college students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20(3), 304-312.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. Guilford Press.
Kolligian, JR, J., & Sternberg, R. J. (1991). Perceived fraudulence in young adults: Is there an “Imposter Syndrome”?. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 308-326.
Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Orlando, A. E., & Wagoner Funk, W. (2000). The impostor phenomenon: Self‐perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies. Journal of Personality, 68(4), 725-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00114
Mak, K. K., Kleitman, S., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). Impostor phenomenon measurement scales: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 671, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00671
McElwee, R. O., & Yurak, T. J. (2007). Feeling versus acting like an impostor: Real feelings of fraudulence or self-presentation? Individual Differences Research, 5(3), 201-220
McGregor, L. N., Gee, D. E., & Posey, K. E. (2008). I feel like a fraud and it depresses me: The relation between the imposter phenomenon and depression. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.43
Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1998). Süreksiz durumluk/sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı [The manual of State-trait anxiety inventory] (2nd edition). Boğaziçi University Press.
Özdemir, G. (2015). Başarılarımın sahibi ben değilim: Sosyal kimlik, sosyal baskınlık ve sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramları perspektifinden sahtekâr fenomeni (My achievements are not mine: Imposter phenomenon in light of the social identity, social dominance and system justification theories). [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Uludağ University.
Parkman, A. (2016). The imposter phenomenon in higher education: Incidence and impact. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 16(1), 51-60.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
Ross, S. R., & Krukowski, R. A. (2003). The imposter phenomenon and maladaptive personality: Type and trait characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00067-3
Sakulku, J., & Alexander, J. (2011). The imposter syndrome. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 6(1), 75-97.
September, A. N., McCarrey, M., Baranowsky, A., Parent, C., & Schindler, D. (2001). The relation between well-being, impostor feelings, and gender role orientation among Canadian university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(2), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600548
Simon, M., & Choi, Y. J. (2018). Using factor analysis to validate the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale in sample of science, technology, engineering and mathematics doctoral students. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 173-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.039
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1970). Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edition). Allyn & Bacon.
Yaffe, Y. (2020a). Does self-esteem mediate the association between parenting styles and imposter feelings among female education students?. Personality and Individual Differences, 156, 109789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109789
Yaffe, Y. (2020b). Validation of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale with female Hebrew-speaking students. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 11(4), 2043808720974341. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808720974341
Wang, K. T., Sheveleva, M. S., & Permyakova, T. M. (2019). Imposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.005
Zambrana, R. E., Ray, R., Espino, M. M., Castro, C., Douthirt Cohen, B., & Eliason, J. (2015). “Don’t leave us behind” The importance of mentoring for underrepresented minority faculty. American Educational Research Journal, 52(1), 40-72. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831214563063
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
