Measuring “Crabs in A Bucket” Phenomenon at Schools: A Scale Development Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V10.N2.22Keywords:
Crabs in a bucket, scale development, high school teachers, validity, reliabilityAbstract
The purpose of this research was to develop a “Crabs in a Bucket at Schools Scale” (CBSS) measuring the perceptions of teachers regarding crab mentality in educational organizations. The data of the study was collected in 2019-2020 academic year from high school teachers working at different high schools of Aydın province, located in Aegean Region in Turkey. In order to provide the validity of the measurement tool, content and construct validity analyses were performed. So as to provide content validity, the item pool was subjected to expert view and expert panel. Following this, the data was collected from high school teachers by using the 44-item draft scale and then, the data was subjected to construct validity analysis. For construct validity, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed by using separate datasets (305 participants for EFA and 279 participants for CFA). In an effort to provide the reliability of the scale; Cronbach Alpha, Spearman-Brown and Guttman Split-Half coefficients were calculated. As a result of the analyses, it was concluded that the scale comprised a 27-item and 2 factor (individual factors sub-dimension and organizational factors sub-dimension) structure, and the psychometric properties of CBSS was quite valid and reliable.Downloads
References
Abrugar, Victorino Q. 10 signs that a person has a crab mentality, 2014. Retrieved from https://faq.ph/10-signs-that-a-personhas-a-crab-mentality/ on 10 April 2019.
Akkaya, Selma. Ortaöğretim (Lise) öğrencilerinde rekabetçi tutum ile ana-baba tutumları arasındaki ilişki düzeyi (The level of relation between competition and parental attitude considering high school students”. Unpublished Master Thesis, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey, 2008.
Aydın, Gizem Zevde, and Oğuzhan, Gülpembe. “The “crabs in a bucket” mentality in healthcare personnel: A phenomenological study”. Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 12(2) (2019): 618-630. doi: 10.17218/hititsosbil.628375.
Ayre, Colin, and Scally, Andrew John. “Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation”. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1) (2014): 79-86.
Bell, Sita. The parable of the crab bucket, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.stevenshenager.edu/blog/the-parable-of-the-crabbucket on 12 April 2019.
Benson, Tony, Lavelle, Fiona, Spence, Michelle, Elliott, Christopher T., and Dean, Moira. “The development and validation of a toolkit to measure consumer trust in food”. Food Control, 110 (2020).
Bollen, Kenneth, and Lennox, Richard. Conventional wisdom on measurement – A structural equation perspective. MIS Quarterly, 28(2) (1991): 305–314.
Brown, Timothy A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2014.
Browne, Michael W., and Cudeck, Robert. “Alternative ways of assessing model fit”. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 132–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1993.
Bryman, Alan and Cramer, Duncan. Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 8 for windows. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001.
Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (Handbook of data analysis for social sciences). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2011.
Cabrera-Nguyen, Peter. “Author guidelines for reporting scale development and validation results in the journal of the society for social work and research”. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1(2) (2010): 99-103.
Can, Abdullah. SPSS ile bilimsel araştirma sürecinde nicel veri analizi (Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS in Scientific Research Process). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2014.
Carpenter, Serena. “Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers”. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1) (2018): 25-44.
Cattell, Raymond B. The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum, 1978.
Clark, Lee Anna, and Watson, David. “Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development”. Psychological Assessment, 7(3) (1995): 309–319.
Comrey, Andrew L., and Lee, Howard B. A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992.
Costello, Anna B., and Osborne, Jason. “Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis”. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7) (2005): 1-9.
Çokluk Ömay, Şekercioğlu, Güçlü, and Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları (Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and Lisrel Applications). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2014.
DeVellis, Robert F. Ölçek geliştirme: Kuram ve uygulamalar (Scale development: Theory and practice) (T. Totan, Trans. Ed.)”. Ankara: Nobel Academy Publishing, 2014.
Duke, Daniel L. “Drift, detachment, and the need for teacher leadership”. In D.R. Walling (Ed.) Teachers as Leaders: Perspectives on the professional development of teachers (pp. 255-273). Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1994.
Erkuş, Adnan. Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-1: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (Measurement and scale development in psychology-1: Basic concepts and processes). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2012.
Eser, Esen. “Küreselleşme süreci ve eğitime etkisi (Globalization process and its effect on education)”. Muş Alpaslan Üniversity Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2) (2014): 211-224.
Gilbert, Gregory E., and Prion, Susan. “Making sense of methods and measurement: Lawshe’s Content Validity Index”. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 12(12) (2016): 530-531.
Gorsuch, Richard L. Factor analysis (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1983.
Gövsa, İbrahim Alaettin. Çocukta duygusal gelişim (Emotional development in the child). İstanbul: Hayat Publishing, 1998.
Hansen, Karolina. “Accent Beliefs Scale (ABS): Scale Development and Validation”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(1) (2019): 148-171.
Hard, Louise, and O’Gorman, Lyndal. “‘Push-Me’ or ‘Pull-You’? An Opportunity for Early Childhood Leadership in the Implementation of Queensland’s Early Years Curriculum”. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 8(1) (2007): 50-60.
Henson, Robin K., and Roberts, J. Kyle. “Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice”. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66 (2006): 393-416.
Hooper, Daire, Coughlan, Joseph, and Mullen, Michael. “Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit”. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1) (1986): 53-60.
Jöreskog, Karl G., and Sörbom, Dag. Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc., 1993.
Kline, Rex B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2005.
Kumar, Yathish, and Soubhari, Tushar. “The crab-bucket effect and its impact on job stress–An exploratory study with reference to autonomous colleges”, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 2(10) (2014): 3022-3027.
Lawshe, Charles H. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4) (1975): 563-575.
Leech, Nancy L., Barrett, Karen Caplovitz, and Morgan, George Arthur. SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Psychology Press, 2005.
Lynn, Mary R. “Determination and quantification of content validity”. Nursing Research, 35(6) (1986): 382-385.
Marques, Joan. “Sisterhood in short supply in the workplace: It’s often the women who hold back their female colleagues”. Human Resource Management International Digest, 17(5) (2009): 28-31.
McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding media. New York: Mentor, 1964.
Miller, Carliss D. “Exploring the crabs in the barrel syndrome in organizations”. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(3) (2019): 352-371.
Nelson, Robert, and Dawson, Phillip. “Competition, education and assessment: Connecting history with recent scholarship”.
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(2) (2015): 304-315. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2015.1105932.
Nunnally, Jum C. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1978.
Nunnally, Jum C., and Bernstein, Ira H. Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, 1994.
Otrar, Mustafa, and Argın, F. Süleyman. “Öğrencilerin sosyal medyaya ilişkin tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. (A scale development study in terms of determining the students’ attitudes regarding social media)”. Journal of Education and Instruction Research, 4(1) (2015): 391-403.
Sampath, Niels. “Crabs in a bucket: Reforming male identities in Trinidad”. Gender & Development, 5(2) (1997): 47-54.
Scherer, Robert F., Luther, David C., Wiebe, Frank A., and Adams, Janet S. “Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire”. Psychological Reports, 62(3) (1988): 763-770.
Spacey, Simon. Crab Mentality, Cyberbullying and “Name and Shame Rankings”, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.srl.to/u5e2dNha/Crab%20Mentality%2C%20Cyberbullying%20and%20Name%20and%20Shame%20Ranki ngs.pdf. on 01 March 2019.
Sümer, Nebi. “Yapısal eşitlik modelleri (Structural equation models)”. Turkish Psychology Articles, 3(6) (2008): 49-74.
Şahin, Pınar. Yengeç sepeti sendromu (Crabs in a bucket syndrome), 2018. Retrieved from https://kariyerheybesi.wordpress.com/2018/07/31/yengec-sepeti-sendromu/ on 10 April 2019.
Şencan, Hüner. Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik (Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measurements) Ankara: Seçkin Publishing, 2005.
Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Fidell, Linda S. Using multivariate statistics (6th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson, 2007.
Tavşancıl, Ezel. Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (The measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS). Ankara. Nobel Publishing, 2010.
Tay, Louis, and Jebb, Andrew T. “Scale Development”. In S. Rogelberg (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2017.
Vibes, John. Crabs in a bucket: As an analogy for modern human society, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.trueactivist.com/crabs-in-a-bucket-as-an-analogy-for-modern-human-society/ on 12 April 2019.
Wilson, F. Robert, Pan, Wei, and Schumsky, Donald A. “Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio”. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 45(3) (2012): 197-210.
Wikipedia. Covid-19 pandemisi (Covid-19 pandemic). Retrieved from https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemisi on 16 August 2020.
Worthington, Roger L., and Whittaker, Tiffany A. “Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices”. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6) (2006): 806-838. Yıldız, Naciye. “Neoliberal küreselleşme ve eğitim. (Neoliberal globalization and education)”. D.U. Journal of Ziya Gökalp Faculty of Education, 11 (2008): 13-32.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Psycho-Educational Research Reviews
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
