Difficult Questions of Preschoolers’ with Different Socio-Economic Conditions and Their Parents’ Answers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V11.N3.12Keywords:
Preschoolers , Parent, Difficult questionsAbstract
The present is a qualitative study which aims to examine the difficult questions of preschoolers’ children with different socioeconomic conditions to their parents and the answers of the parents. 60 parents with different socioeconomic conditions whose children continue to preschool education in a province located in the central part of Turkey participated in the study. An interview form consisting of structured interview questions was used to in data collection. The data were analyzed with the content analysis technique. The results of the study showed that the children asked their parents difficult questions about daily life, religion, science/nature and sexuality/birth. The frequencies of children's difficult questions by themes showed difference according to socioeconomic conditions. Parents answered to the children's difficult questions with explanations or leaving the questions unanswered. Parents who did not answer the children's difficult questions used the strategies of passing off, saying that they will look into it, saying that they do not know and offering to look into it together. The frequencies of the strategies used by the parents when they did not answer the children's difficult questions differed based on socioeconomic conditions.
Downloads
References
Acer, D., & Artan, İ. (2000). Üç ve dört yaş grubu çocukların annelerine yöneltmiş oldukları cinsellikle ilgili sorular ve annelerin verdikleri cevapların incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 191-204. https://acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/bitstream/11452/17232/1/13_1_21.pdf
Agar, J., Jones, S., & Simpson, G. (1999). Teaching children to generate questions designed to improve their capacity to think critically about scientific problems. London: Training and Development Agency for Schools. http://www.curee.co.uk/node/4819
Birbili, M., & Karagiorgou, l. (2009). Helping children and their parents ask better questions: An intervention study. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 24(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568540903439359
Callanan, M. A., & Oakes, L. M. (1992). Preschoolers' questions and parents' explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity. Cognitive Development, 7(2), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2014(92)90012-G
Chouinard, M. M. (2007). Children’s questions: A mechanism for cognitive development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 72(1), 1-126. https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15405834/2007/72/1
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (3rd ed.). Sage.
Engel, S. (2011). Children's need to know: Curiosity in schools. Harvard Educational Review, 81(4), 625-645. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.81.4.h054131316473115
Frazier, B. N., Gelman, S. A., & Wellman, H. M. (2009). Preschoolers’ search for explanatory information within adult–child conversation. Child Development, 80(6), 1592-1611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01356.x
Gutiérrez, K. D., & Rogoff, B. (2003). Cultural ways of learning: Individual traits or repertoires of practice. Educational Researcher, 32, 19–25. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3699877.pdf
Harris, P. L. (2012). Trusting what you’re told: How children learn from others. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
Harris, P. L., & Koenig, M. A. (2006). Trust in testimony: How children learn about science and religion. Child Development, 77(3), 505-524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00886.x
Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1992). American parenting of language-learning children: Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1096–1105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1096
Havigerová, J. M., & Juklová, K. (2011). School: Institution where children learn the answers without asking question? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1091-1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.342
Heath, S. B. (1983). Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge University Press.
Hedges, H., & Cooper, M. (2016). Inquiring minds: Theorizing children’s interests. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 48(3), 303-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2015.1109711
Heller, J. R., & Johnson, H. L. (2010). “What are parents really saying when they talk with their children about sexuality?” American Journal of Sexuality Education 5(2): 144–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2010.491061
Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 231–252). Erlbaum.
Huttenlocher, J., Vasilyeva, M., Waterfall, H. R., Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. V. (2007). The varieties of speech to young children. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1062–1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1062
Kemler Nelson, D. G., & O'Neil, K. (2005). How do parents respond to children's questions about the identity of artifacts? Developmental Science, 8(6), 519-524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00443.x
Kurkul, K. E., & Corriveau, K. H. (2018). Question, explanation, follow‐up: A mechanism for learning from others? Child Development, 89(1), 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12726
Legare, C. H., Mills, C. M., Souza, A. L., Plummer, L. E., & Yasskin, R. (2013). The use of questions as problem-solving strategies during early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.07.002
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiryi Sage.
Martin, K. A., & Torres, J. M. C. (2013). Where did I come from? US parents’ and preschool children’s participation in sexual socialisation. Sex Education 14(2), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2013.856291
Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (S. Turan, Trans.). Nobel Publishing. (Original work published 2009)
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
Mills, C. M., Legare, C. H., Bills, M., & Mejias, C. (2010). Preschoolers use questions as a tool to acquire knowledge from different sources. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(4), 533-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2010.516419
Mills, C. M., Danovitch, J. H., Grant, M. G., & Elashi, F. B. (2012). Little pitchers use their big ears: Preschoolers solve problems by listening to others ask questions. Child Development, 83(2), 568-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01725.x
Olsson, L. M. (2013). Taking children's questions seriously: The need for creative thought. Global Studies of Childhood, 3(3), 230-253. https://doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2013.3.3.230
Özdemir, Ö. (2019). Ebeveynlere göre ailede çocuğun din eğitimi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(47), 313-344. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/860041
Piaget, J. (1967). The language and thought of the child (3rd ed.). Routledge & Kegan.
Riihelä, M. (2003). How do we deal with children’s questions? Published dissertation. (ISBN 951-33-0244-X) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki]. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health. Finland. https://www.edu.helsinki.fi/lapsetkertovat/lapset/In_English/Riihela_a.pdf
Ronfard, S., Zambrana, I. M., Hermansen, T. K., & Kelemen, D. (2018). Question-asking in childhood: A review of the literature and a framework for understanding its development. Developmental Review, 49, 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.002
Ross, H. S., & Killey, J. C. (1977). The effect of questioning on retention. Child Development, 48, 312–314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128919
Rowland, C. F. (2006). Explaining errors in children’s questions. Cognition, 104, 106–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.011
Sak, R. (2015). Young children’s difficult questions and adults’ answers. The Anthropologist, 22(2), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891880
Sak, R. (2020). Preschoolers’ difficult questions and their teachers’ responses. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00977-x
Sak, R., & Şahin Sak, İ. T. (2020a). Preschoolers’ difficult questions: Variations by informant and gender. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 28(4), 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2020.1783927
Sak, R., & Şahin Sak, İ. T. (2020b). Children's questions as a development indicator. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 4(3), 918-943. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967202043258
Samuelsson, I. P., Johansson, E., Davidsson, B., & Fors, B. (2000). Student teachers' and preschool children's questions about life—A phenomenographic approach to learning. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 8(2), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930085208541
San Bayhan, P., & Artan İ. (2011). Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi. Morpa Publishing.
Smith, M. E. (1933). The influence of age, sex, and situation on the frequency, form and function of questions asked by preschool children. Child Development, 4(3), 201-213. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1125682.pdf
Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Publishing.
Tizard, B., Hughes, M., Carmichael, H., & Pinkerton, G. (1983). Children’s questions and adults’ answers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00575.x
Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (1984). Young children learning. Harvard University Press.
Tozduman Yaralı, K., & Kara Eren, C. (2020). Children’s questions through their mother’s answers in early childhood term. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(1), 105-134. https://www.jocress.com/dergi/egi202205c857d40833844d7.pdf
Tyack, D., & Ingram, D. (1977). Children's production and comprehension of questions. Journal of Child Language, 4, 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000900001616
Türkiş News Bulletin (2021). Şubat 2021 açlık ve yoksulluk sınırı [February 2021 hunger and poverty line]. http://www.turkis.org.tr/dosya/Mtsu8HzAic42.pdf
Ünlütabak, B., Nicolopoulou, A., & Aksu-Koç, A. (2019). Questions asked by Turkish preschoolers from middle-SES and low-SES families. Cognitive Development, 52, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100802
Valle, A. (2005). ‘‘How do you know?’’ Communicating ideas about science and scientific reasoning in parent – child conversations, [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of California-Santa Cruz.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Was, A. M., & Warneken, F. (2017). Proactive help-seeking: Preschoolers know when they need help, but do not always ask for it. Cognitive Development, 43, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.010
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Publishing.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Psycho-Educational Research Reviews
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.