Response to Intervention: What do Elementary School Teachers of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms in Türkiye Know?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V12.N1.10

Keywords:

Türkiye , Inclusion, Response to intervention, Specific learning disabilities, Elementary school teachers

Abstract

As a multi-tiered early diagnosis, intervention, and support system, Response to Intervention (RtI) identifies struggling students and helps them in inclusive classrooms. This study aims to examine the Turkish elementary school teachers’ knowledge level about RtI and its components. For this purpose, a basic qualitative study within the scope of qualitative research methods was conducted. Data was collected by conducting interviews with nine teachers working in inclusive classrooms with at least one student with specific learning disabilities at the elementary school level in Eskisehir, Türkiye. The data were analysed with content analysis. Results showed that participants of this study are not aware of RtI but they use some components of it in their instructions. In line with the findings, it is recommended that teachers, school administrators and policy makers in Türkiye need to expand their awareness with students with special needs and research-based practices in inclusive education, including multi-tiered interventions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alammary, J., Al-Haiki, F., & Al-Muqahwi, K. (2017). The impact of assistive technology on down syndrome students in Kingdom of Bahrain. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(4), 103-119.

Alhossein, A. (2016). Teachers' knowledge and use of evidence-based teaching practices for students with emotional and behavior disorders in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(35), 90-97.

APA (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.

Berkeley, S., Bender, W. N., Peaster, L. G., & Saunders, L. (2009). Implementation of response to intervention: A snapshot of progress. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219408326214

Bradley, R., Danielson, L., & Doolittle, J. (2005). Response to Intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(6), 485-486. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00222194050380060201

Brown-Chidsey, R. & Steege, M. W. (2010). Response to Intervention: Principles and strategies for effective practice (2nd ed). The Guilford.

Burns, M. K., Maki, K. E., Karich, A. C., Hall, M., McComas, J. J., & Helman, L. (2016). Problem analysis at tier 2: Using data to find the category of the problem. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, and A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (2nd Ed., pp. 293-307). Springer.

Cakiroglu, O. & Melekoglu, M. A. (2014). Statistical trends and developments within inclusive education in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(8), 798-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2013.836573

Chmiliar, L. (2007). Perspectives on assistive technology: What teachers, health professionals, and speech and language pathologists have to say. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 35(1), 1-17.

Clemens, N. H., Keller-Margulis, M. A., Scholten, T., & Yoon, M. (2016). Screening assessment within a multi-tiered system of support: Current practices, advances, and next steps. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, and A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (2nd Ed., pp. 187-213). Springer.

Collins, B. C., Gast, D. L., Ault, M. J. & Wolery, M. (1991). Small group instruction: Guidelines for teachers of students with moderate to severe handicaps. Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 26(1), 18-32.

Copley, J. & Ziviani, J. (2004). Barriers to the use of assistive technology for children with multiple disabilities. Occupational Therapy International, 11(4), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.213

Çakıroğlu, O. (2020) Özel öğrenme güçlüğüne giriş [Introduction to specific learning disabilities]. In: M. A. Melekoğlu, & U. Sak (Eds.), Öğrenme Güçlüğü ve Özel Yetenek [Learning Disabilities and Giftedness] (pp. 1-22.). Pegem Akademi.

Dunn, M. W., Cole, C. M., & Estrada, A. (2009). Referral criteria for special education: General education teachers' perspectives in Canada and the United States of America. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 28(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F875687050902800105

Eckert, T. L., Shapiro, E. S., & Lutz, J. G. (1995). Teachers' ratings of the acceptability of curriculum-based assessment methods. School Psychology Review, 24(3), 497-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1995.12085784

Ekstam, U., Linnanmäki, K., & Aunio, P. (2015). Educational support for low-performing students in mathematics: The three-tier support model in Finnish lower secondary schools. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.964578

Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., Fuchs, L. S., & Barnes, M. A. (2019). Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention. The Guilford Press.

Fletcher, J. M., & Vaughn, S. (2009). Response to Intervention: Preventing and remediating academic difficulties. Child Development Perspectives, 3(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00072.x

Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.41.1.4

Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Compton, D. L. (2012). Smart RTI: A next-generation approach to multilevel prevention. Exceptional Children, 78(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001440291207800301

Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Zumeta, R. O. (2008). Response to intervention. In. E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), Educating individuals with disabilities: IDEIA 2004 and beyond, (pp. 115-135) Springer.

Fuchs, L. S. & Fuchs, D. (2007). A model for implementing Responsiveness to Intervention. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39(5), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004005990703900503

Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Craddock, C., Hollenbeck, K. N., Hamlett, C. L., & Schatschneider, C. (2008). Effects of small-group tutoring with and without validated classroom instruction on at-risk students' math problem solving: Are two tiers of prevention better than one? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 491-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.491

Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003). Responsiveness-to-Intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18(3), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5826.00072

Gable, R. A., Tonelson, S. W., Sheth, M., Wilson, C., & Park, K. L. (2012). Importance, usage, and preparedness to implement evidence-based practices for students with emotional disabilities: A comparison of knowledge and skills of special education and general education teachers. Education and Treatment of Children, 35(4), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2012.0030

Gargiulo, R. M. & Bouck, E. C. (2018). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality (6th ed). Sage.

Gartland, D., & Strosnider, R. (2020). The use of response to intervention to inform special education eligibility decisions for students with specific learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 43(4), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731948720949964

Gersten, R., Beckmann, S., Clarke, B., Foegen, A., Marsh, L., Star, J. R., & Witzel, B. (2009). Assisting students struggling with mathematics: Response to Intervention (RtI) for elementary and middle schools (NCEE 2009-4060). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

Gillies, R. M. (2007). Cooperative learning. Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483329598

Glover, T. A., & DiPerna, J. C. (2007). Service delivery for response to intervention: Core components and directions for future research. School Psychology Review, 36(4), 526-540.

Görgün, B. (2020). Özel öğrenme güçlüğünün tanılanması [Assessment of specific learning disabilities]. In M. A. Melekoğlu, & U. Sak (Eds.), Öğrenme güçlüğü ve özel yetenek [Learning disabilities and giftedness], (pp. 53-76) Pegem Akademi.

Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology, 29(2), 75–91.

Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30(4), 233-252.

Hale, J. B., Kaufman, A., Naglieri, J. A., & Kavale, K. A. (2006). Implementation of IDEA: Integrating Response to Intervention and Cognitive Assessment methods. Psychology in the Schools, 43(7), 753-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20186

Hornby, G. (2014). Inclusive special education: Evidence‐based practice for children with special educational needs and disabilities. Springer.

Hosp, J. L., Huddle, S., Ford, J. W., & Hensley, K. (2016). Learning disabilities/Special education. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, and A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (2nd Ed., pp.43-58). Springer.

Johnson, E., Mellard, D. F., Fuchs, D., & McKnight, M. A. (2006). Responsiveness to Intervention (RTI): How to do it. National Research Center on Learning Disabilities.

Jones, M. L. (2009). A study of novice special educators’ views of evidence-based practices. Teacher Education and Special Education, 32(2), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888406409333777

Kargın, T. (2004). Kaynaştırma: Tanımı, gelişimi ve ilkeleri. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 5(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000080

Klingbeil, D. A., Bradley, T. R., & McComas, J. J. (2016). Progress monitoring for students receiving ıntensive academic ıntervention. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, and A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (2nd Ed., pp. 343-360). Springer.

Konstantopoulos, S., & Sun, M. (2012). Is the persistence of teacher effects in early grades larger for lower-performing students? American Journal of Education, 118(3), 309-339. https://doi.org/10.1086/664772

Melekoglu, M. A., Cakiroglu, O., & Malmgren, K. W. (2009). Special education in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 13(3), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110701747769

Melekoğlu, M. A. (2018). Özel öğrenme güçlüğüne giriş [Introduction to specific learning disabilities]. In M. A. Melekoğlu, & O. Çakıroğlu (Eds.), Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan Çocuklar [Children with Specific Learning Disabilities], (pp. 1-33). Vize Akademik.

Melekoğlu, M. A., Erden, H. G., & Çakıroğlu, O. (2019). Development of the Oral Reading Skills and Comprehension Test-II (SOBAT®-II) for assessment of Turkish children with specific learning disabilities: Pilot study results. Journal of Educational Issues, 5(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v5i2.15379

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

MoNE. (2006). Regulation of special education services, dated 31.05.2006 and official gazette number 26184.

MoNE. (2016). National education statistics formal education 2015/’16. Ankara, Türkiye: Ministry of National Education Strategy Development Presidency.

MoNE. (2012). Ministry of national education regulation on private education ınstitutions, dated 18.05.2012 and official gazette number 28296.

MoNE. (2017). Official letter from the Strategy Development Presidency (Topic: Information request). No: 49614598-42-E.8264250 Date: 05.06.2017

MoNE. (2018a). Regulation of special education services, dated 07.07.2018 and official gazette number 30471.

MoNE. (2018b). Increasing the quality of special education services for inclusive education. EuropeAid/162216/ID/ACT/TR. European Union Supported Grant. Details: http://ihale.ikg.gov.tr/list.aspx?lang=tr&id=154

MoNE. (2019). Official letter from the Strategy Development Presidency (Topic: Data request). No: 49614598/622.03/18863985 Date: 03.10.2019

MoNE. (2020). National education statistics formal education 2019/’20. Ankara, Türkiye: Ministry of National Education Strategy Development Presidency.

Orosco, M. J., & Klingner, J. (2010). One school’s implementation of RTI with English language learners: “Referring into RTI.” Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409355474

Owocki, G. (2010). The RTI daily planning book, K-6. Heinemann.

Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.

Reynolds, C. R., & Shaywitz, S. E. (2009). Response to Intervention: Ready or not? Or, from wait-to-fail to watch-them-fail. Sch Psychol Q, 24(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016158

Silberglitt, B., Parker, D., & Muyskens, B. (2016). Assessment: Periodic assessment to monitor progress. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, and A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (2nd Ed., pp. 271-291). Springer.

Smeets, E., & Roeleveld, J. (2016). The identification by teachers of special educational needs in primary school pupils and factors associated with referral to special education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 31(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1187879

Snowling, M. (2012). Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: A contemporary view. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 13(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x

Spear-Swirling, L. (2015). The power of RTI and reading profiles. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

Stormont, M., Reinke, W., & Herman, K. (2011). Teachers' knowledge of evidence-based interventions and available school resources for children with emotional and behavioral problems. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20(2), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-011-9122-0

Sucuoğlu, B., & Kargın, T. (2006). İlköğretimde kaynaştırma uygulamaları: Yaklaşımlar, yöntemler, teknikler (Inclusive practises in primary education). Morpa.

Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1102063

Sydeski, R. T. (2013). A study of special education teachers’ knowledge of assistive technology for children with reading difficulties, [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Duquesne University-Pittsburgh.

Thousand J. S., & Villa, R. A. (2005). Organizational supports for change toward inclusive schooling. In R. A. Villa, & J. S. Thousand-Alexandria (Eds.), Creating an inclusive school, (2nd ed., pp. 57-80). Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Tuğrul-Kalaç, E. (2018). Öğrenme güçlüğü ve matematik [Learning disabilities and mathematics]. In M. A. Melekoğlu, & O. Çakıroğlu (Eds.), Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuklar [Children with specific learning disabilities], (pp. 239-276). Vize Akademik.

U.S. Department of Education. (2020). 41st Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2019. Washington, DC: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs.

VanDerHeyden, A. M., & Burns, M. K. (2010). Essentials of Response to Intervention. John Wiley & Sons.

Vaughn, S., & Fuchs, L. S. (2012). Responsiveness-to-intervention: A decade later. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45(3), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022219412442150

Yell, M. L., Deno, S. L., & Marston, D. B. (1992). Barriers to implementing curriculum-based measurement. Diagnostique, 18(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/153450849201800109

Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Qualitative research methods in social sciences). Seçkin.

Young, H. L., & Gaughan, E. (2010). A multiple method longitudinal investigation of pre-referral intervention team functioning: Four years in rural schools. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 20(2), 106-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474411003785438

Additional Files

Published

2023-04-22

How to Cite

Melekoglu, M. A., Sağlam Ak, A., Kaya, S., & Ballıoğlu, M. (2023). Response to Intervention: What do Elementary School Teachers of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms in Türkiye Know?. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 12(1), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V12.N1.10

Similar Articles

<< < 27 28 29 30 31 32 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.